What Is the Optimal FIT to Reduce Sedentary Behavior to Improve Cardiometabolic Health?

Mature man walking in park with his pet Labrador Retriever. Square shot.
Mature man walking in park with his pet Labrador Retriever. Square shot.

Anyone with a sedentary job has heard some version of the following advice at one time or another: “Just get up and move around a little. Do some stretches, walk around the block, just get the blood flowing.”

While no doubt sound advice, it does little in terms of providing any real guidance. How much movement is required to counteract the effects of prolonged sitting? What types of movements are best and how intense should those movements be? How often should I get up from my desk? And, importantly, will this really have any meaningful effect on my health

This concept becomes even more important as people age and often grow more sedentary. If an older adult has concerns about his or her cardiometabolic health—and most do—would what the authors of this study call “sedentary interruption bouts” have a positive effect on his or her health.

ACE enlisted the help of Lance C. Dalleck, PhD, and his team of researchers in the High Altitude Exercise Physiology Program at Western State Colorado University to investigate the independent health benefits of reducing the amount of time spent sedentary. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal FIT (frequency, intensity and time) for reducing sedentary behavior to improve cardiometabolic health in middle-age and older adults.

The Study

Thirteen active middle-aged and older adults were recruited to participate in this study. All participants reported a minimum of six hours per day of sedentary behavior. In addition, all had one or more of the following cardiometabolic disorders: dyslipidemia, high fasting blood glucose and/or elevated blood pressure. Because all participants were involved in a weekly training regimen for the duration of this study, researchers were able to gain insight into the independent effect of sedentary behavior and the various sedentary interruption bout (SIB) programs on overall metabolic health. Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics for the seven men and six women who participated in the study.

All participants completed four different programs of SIBs, each of which lasted one week. Between programs, there were one-week “washout periods” during which the participants returned to their regular lifestyles. Each SIB program consisted of physical-activity movements that equated to a certain number of metabolic equivalents (METs) (either 2 or 3 METs—the section below describes these sample activities in greater detail), a specified duration (5 or 10 minutes) and a specified frequency (every 60 or 120 minutes). The following is a breakdown of the four different SIB programs used in this research:

  • SIB1: 2 METs, 5 minutes, every 60 minutes
  • SIB2: 2 METs, 5 minutes, every 120 minutes
  • SIB3: 3 METs, 5 minutes, every 120 minutes
  • SIB4: 2 METs, 10 minutes, every 120 minutes

For example, an individual in the SIB1 program would stand up every hour during his or her sedentary time and perform one or more of the 2-MET activities for five minutes, then sit back down and resume the sedentary activity.

Measures were taken at the same day and time each week during the eight-week intervention (four one-week SIB periods and four one-week washout periods). The measures included fasting plasma lipids, fasting blood glucose and resting blood pressure. Collectively, these values quantified the effect of each SIB program on the participants’ metabolic health.

Throughout the study, the participants performed their usual exercise training programs. 

Sample Activities

The researchers chose to compare the effects of physical activity at two different MET levels—2 and 3 METs. Such movements are considered low-to-moderate intensity. According to Shawn M. Keeling, M.S., lead author of this study, they wanted to have the participants perform light-intensity activity rather than “exercise.”

“That way,” explains Keeling, “the process would be less intimidating. It also made more sense to have them do chores and other household activities that they would have to do anyway.” Keeling reports that some participants found the activities very easy, while others found them difficult, but manageable.

Participants were instructed to perform as many of the 2- or 3-MET activities presented in Table 2 as they desired as part of their weekly SIB program, as long as they fit within the specified duration.

The Results

Among the 13 participants, there was no significant difference between baseline and post-intervention measures of weight, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) or resting metabolic rate.

All participants fulfilled weekly measures of resting blood pressure and fasting blood concentration measurements of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose to allow comparisons between the various SIB programs and the control weeks (Table 3).

Here are the key takeaways from the data presented in Table 3:

  • HDL (“good”) cholesterol saw a favorable increase of 21.2% after SIB1 (2 METs, 5 minutes, every 60 minutes) and 18.4% after SIB4 (2 METs, 10 minutes, every 120 minutes).
  • Triglycerides decreased by 24.6% after SIB1 and by 23% after SIB4.
  • Blood glucose concentration decreased by 6.1% after SIB1 and 7.8% after SIB4.
  • The changes following SIB2 (2 METs, 5 minutes, every 120 minutes) and SIB3 (3 METs, 5 minutes, every 120 minutes) were not statistically significant.

It’s important to note that the benefits from each week of SIB were reversed after the participants returned to their normal sedentary behavior habits for one week. As with any behavior change, consistency is essential.

The Bottom Line

This research demonstrates that low-intensity movement interruptions are an effective means of combatting sedentary behavior. If a person is capable and willing to get up and move once per hour, five minutes of 2-MET movements is sufficient to drive pretty dramatic swings in HDL, triglycerides and blood glucose. If getting up every two hours is more manageable, then the duration of the movement bout extends to 10 minutes, though the MET level stays the same. Duration and frequency proved more important than an increase in movement intensity, as illustrated by the fact that SIB3, which consisted of five minutes of 3-MET activity every two hours, did not yield substantial benefits while more frequent lower-intensity bouts did.

What makes the findings of this study even more striking is the fact that regular exercise programs do not always lead to positive shifts in the data to the extent seen in this research.

“Sedentary interruption bouts may just be the key to improving cardiometabolic health,” says Dr. Dalleck. “Sedentary behavior is independently related to cardiovascular disease risk, which may explain some of the lack of response sometimes seen with exercise training.”
In other words, even a sustained exercise program may not be enough to improve cardiometabolic health if the individual is otherwise sedentary.

“This research tells us how we can effectively manipulate interruptions in sitting time so that we can move beyond ‘don’t sit so much’ to something much more precise,” explains Dr. Dalleck.

Table 4 presents the research team’s recommendations.

Of course, these study results do not mean that regular, structured exercise is unimportant in the quest for better health. Rather, the focus should be placed on both regular exercise and reduced sitting time.

“We need to appreciate the independent role of not sitting in addition to getting regular exercise,” explains Dalleck.

One final note: During the “washout periods,” the participants in this study could be described as “active couch potatoes.” In other words, although they were performing regular exercise programs, they were otherwise very inactive. The benefits seen during the weeks of the SIB programs quickly diminished when the previous behavior returned.

As stated by Keeling, “Repeated behaviors, no matter how small, make a huge difference in the long run—so people should make them work in their favor.”

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